diff --git a/data/CRMEntity.php b/data/CRMEntity.php
index 9875fc1ecce45b47fd3587d8aad27cba756d1c3c..84bc172f945334ec782f9cb53256057631ebe7ef 100644
--- a/data/CRMEntity.php
+++ b/data/CRMEntity.php
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class CRMEntity {
 	 */
 	function uploadAndSaveFile($id, $module, $file_details, $attachmentType='Attachment') {
 		global $log;
-		$log->debug("Entering into uploadAndSaveFile($id,$module," . var_export($file_details, true) . ") method.");
+		$log->debug("Entering into uploadAndSaveFile($id,$module) method.");
 
 		global $adb, $current_user;
 		global $upload_badext;
@@ -745,10 +745,14 @@ class CRMEntity {
 			$changedFields =  $this->column_fields->getChanged();
 			if(php7_count($changedFields) > 0) {
 				$update = array();
-				$update_params =array();
+				$update_params = array();
 				foreach($changedFields as $field) {
-					$fieldColumn = isset($updateFieldNameColumnNameMap[$field])?$updateFieldNameColumnNameMap[$field]:' ';
-					if(@array_key_exists($fieldColumn, $updateFieldValues)) {
+					if (!array_key_exists($field, $updateFieldNameColumnNameMap)) {
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					$fieldColumn = $updateFieldNameColumnNameMap[$field];
+					if(array_key_exists($fieldColumn, $updateFieldValues)) {
 						array_push($update, $fieldColumn.'=?');
 						array_push($update_params, $updateFieldValues[$fieldColumn]);
 					}
@@ -3136,7 +3140,7 @@ class TrackableObject implements ArrayAccess, IteratorAggregate {
 
 	#[\ReturnTypeWillChange]
 	function offsetSet($key, $value) {
-            if(is_array($value)) $value = empty($value) ? "" : isset($value[0]);
+            if(is_array($value)) $value = !empty($value) && array_key_exists(0,$value) ? $value[0] : "";
 		if($this->tracking && $this->trackingEnabled) {
 			$olderValue = $this->offsetGet($key);
 			// decode_html only expects string
diff --git a/include/fields/DateTimeField.php b/include/fields/DateTimeField.php
index 147fc8ac8d12b6b44e2511dfee1361659f78fea6..1bfd3f4e08c88675918318333e8622590551ee5e 100644
--- a/include/fields/DateTimeField.php
+++ b/include/fields/DateTimeField.php
@@ -193,9 +193,9 @@ class DateTimeField {
     {
         $date = self::convertToInternalFormat($date);
 		$dates=explode('-', $date[0]);
-		$y=isset($dates[0])?$dates[0]:' ';
-		$m=isset($dates[1])?$dates[1]:' ';
-		$d=isset($dates[2])?$dates[2]:' ';
+		$y=isset($dates[0])?$dates[0]:'';
+		$m=isset($dates[1])?$dates[1]:'';
+		$d=isset($dates[2])?$dates[2]:'';
 
         switch ($format) {
             case 'dd.mm.yyyy':
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ class DateTimeField {
 			// create datetime object for given time in source timezone
 			$sourceTimeZone = new DateTimeZone($sourceTimeZoneName);
 			if($time == '24:00') $time = '00:00';
-			$myDateTime = new DateTime($time ?? '', $sourceTimeZone);
+			$myDateTime = new DateTime(isset($time) ? $time : '', $sourceTimeZone);
 
 			// convert this to target timezone using the DateTimeZone object
 			$targetTimeZone = new DateTimeZone($targetTimeZoneName);
diff --git a/include/utils/InventoryUtils.php b/include/utils/InventoryUtils.php
index 5cb1b6de7d6f6ff1c55a432d6be62dc94b670da1..2c949c58885ca57a8851199818d9d01ab879e711 100644
--- a/include/utils/InventoryUtils.php
+++ b/include/utils/InventoryUtils.php
@@ -200,7 +200,8 @@ function getProductTaxPercentage($type,$productid,$default='')
 	if($current_user->truncate_trailing_zeros == true) {
 		$taxpercentage = decimalFormat($taxpercentage);
 	}
-	return array('percentage' => $taxpercentage, 'regions' => Zend_Json::decode(html_entity_decode(!empty($adb->query_result($res,0, 'regions')))));
+	$regions=$adb->query_result($res,0, 'regions');
+	return array('percentage' => $taxpercentage, 'regions' => Zend_Json::decode(html_entity_decode(!empty($regions) ? $regions : '')));
 }
 
 /**	Function used to add the history entry in the relevant tables for PO, SO, Quotes and Invoice modules
@@ -383,7 +384,8 @@ function getTaxDetailsForProduct($productid, $available='all')
 			$tax_details[$i]['type']		= $adb->query_result($res, $i, 'type');
 			$tax_details[$i]['regions']		= Zend_Json::decode(html_entity_decode($adb->query_result($res, $i, 'taxregions')));
 			$tax_details[$i]['compoundon']	= Zend_Json::decode(html_entity_decode($adb->query_result($res, $i, 'compoundon')));
-			$tax_details[$i]['productregions']= Zend_Json::decode(html_entity_decode(!empty($adb->query_result($res, $i, 'productregions'))));
+			$productregions=$adb->query_result($res, $i, 'productregions');
+			$tax_details[$i]['productregions']= Zend_Json::decode(html_entity_decode(!empty($productregions) ? $productregions : ''));
 		}
 	}
 	else
diff --git a/layouts/v7/modules/Calendar/uitypes/DateTime.tpl b/layouts/v7/modules/Calendar/uitypes/DateTime.tpl
index 2e079045816bcee44e8b3dd50e5e9efd2f7c2e8e..e4a7d436c43bde4506de229356e07b42556ff17a 100644
--- a/layouts/v7/modules/Calendar/uitypes/DateTime.tpl
+++ b/layouts/v7/modules/Calendar/uitypes/DateTime.tpl
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 {/if}
 
 {assign var=DATE_TIME_VALUE value=$FIELD_MODEL->get('fieldvalue')}
-{if $DATE_TIME_VALUE !== null}
+{if isset($DATE_TIME_VALUE)}
     {assign var=DATE_TIME_COMPONENTS value=explode(' ', $DATE_TIME_VALUE)}
 {/if}
 {if !empty($TIME_FIELD) && isset($DATE_TIME_COMPONENTS)}
diff --git a/layouts/v7/modules/Events/uitypes/DateTime.tpl b/layouts/v7/modules/Events/uitypes/DateTime.tpl
index 71ac7ba2826ef746a799bd4cf19f0b0051ddcef3..1c766bbe1b7553659a45fb2c77c76c47a836e8f2 100644
--- a/layouts/v7/modules/Events/uitypes/DateTime.tpl
+++ b/layouts/v7/modules/Events/uitypes/DateTime.tpl
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@
 {/if}
 
 {assign var=DATE_TIME_VALUE value=$FIELD_MODEL->get('fieldvalue')}
-{if $DATE_TIME_VALUE!== null}
+{if isset($DATE_TIME_VALUE)}
 {assign var=DATE_TIME_COMPONENTS value=explode(' ' ,$DATE_TIME_VALUE)}
 {assign var=TIME_FIELD value=$TIME_FIELD->set('fieldvalue',$DATE_TIME_COMPONENTS[1])}
 {/if}
 {* Set the date after converting with repsect to timezone *}
 {assign var=DATE_TIME_CONVERTED_VALUE value=DateTimeField::convertToUserTimeZone($DATE_TIME_VALUE)->format('Y-m-d H:i:s')}
-{if $DATE_TIME_CONVERTED_VALUE!== null}
+{if isset($DATE_TIME_CONVERTED_VALUE)}
 {assign var=DATE_TIME_COMPONENTS value=explode(' ' ,$DATE_TIME_CONVERTED_VALUE)}
 {assign var=DATE_FIELD value=$DATE_FIELD->set('fieldvalue',$DATE_TIME_COMPONENTS[0])}
 {/if}
diff --git a/layouts/v7/modules/Vtiger/ComposeEmailForm.tpl b/layouts/v7/modules/Vtiger/ComposeEmailForm.tpl
index 8df4a905fc626e1cf8ea8c5dfa0447baaa6ef618..b18eac1fd39a3562fc84124fef2c222763757f7c 100644
--- a/layouts/v7/modules/Vtiger/ComposeEmailForm.tpl
+++ b/layouts/v7/modules/Vtiger/ComposeEmailForm.tpl
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
                     </div>         
                     <div class="row templateContent">
                         <div class="col-lg-12">
-                            <textarea style="width:390px;height:200px;" id="description" name="description">{isset$DESCRIPTION}</textarea>
+                            <textarea style="width:390px;height:200px;" id="description" name="description">{isset($DESCRIPTION) ? $DESCRIPTION : ''}</textarea>
                         </div>
                     </div>
                     
diff --git a/modules/Calendar/Activity.php b/modules/Calendar/Activity.php
index 62b46d146e06ab204a0815bc564071a2a4452aa9..ad8608b928393047f663e3109fded1ef76d0b804 100644
--- a/modules/Calendar/Activity.php
+++ b/modules/Calendar/Activity.php
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class Activity extends CRMEntity {
 			$this->insertIntoReminderTable('vtiger_activity_reminder',$module,"");
 
 		//Handling for invitees
-			$selected_users_string = isset($_REQUEST['inviteesid'])?$_REQUEST['inviteesid']:' ';
+			$selected_users_string = isset($_REQUEST['inviteesid'])?$_REQUEST['inviteesid']:'';
 			$invitees_array = explode(';',$selected_users_string);
 			$this->insertIntoInviteeTable($module,$invitees_array);
 
@@ -386,8 +386,6 @@ function insertIntoRecurringTable(& $recurObj)
 	function insertIntoInviteeTable($module,$invitees_array)
 	{
 		global $log,$adb;
-		// file_put_contents('test5.log',print_r($invitees_array,true),FILE_APPEND);
-		// file_put_contents('test5.log',print_r(implode(',',$invitees_array),true),FILE_APPEND);
 		$log->debug("Entering insertIntoInviteeTable(".$module.",".implode(',',$invitees_array).") method ...");
 		if($this->mode == 'edit'){
 			$sql = "DELETE FROM vtiger_invitees WHERE activityid=?";
diff --git a/modules/Calendar/RepeatEvents.php b/modules/Calendar/RepeatEvents.php
index 563ad7c29f69413324edffcae46220d4e1f84f76..d2d6409e8071adf49e1c48981d61cdfa474abc9b 100644
--- a/modules/Calendar/RepeatEvents.php
+++ b/modules/Calendar/RepeatEvents.php
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ class Calendar_RepeatEvents {
 	}
 	
     static function checkRecurringDataChanged($recurObjRequest, $recurObjDb) {
-        if(($recurObjRequest!==null && $recurObjDb!==null) && ($recurObjRequest->recur_type == $recurObjDb->recur_type) && ($recurObjRequest->recur_freq == $recurObjDb->recur_freq)
+        if(($recurObjRequest && $recurObjDb) && ($recurObjRequest->recur_type == $recurObjDb->recur_type) && ($recurObjRequest->recur_freq == $recurObjDb->recur_freq)
                 && ($recurObjRequest->recurringdates[0] == $recurObjDb->recurringdates[0]) && ($recurObjRequest->recurringenddate == $recurObjDb->recurringenddate)
                 && ($recurObjRequest->dayofweek_to_rpt == $recurObjDb->dayofweek_to_rpt) && ($recurObjRequest->repeat_monthby == $recurObjDb->repeat_monthby)
                 && ($recurObjRequest->rptmonth_datevalue == $recurObjDb->rptmonth_datevalue) && ($recurObjRequest->rptmonth_daytype == $recurObjDb->rptmonth_daytype)) {
diff --git a/modules/Calendar/uitypes/Time.php b/modules/Calendar/uitypes/Time.php
index 3e1d887065ec1d187a339fd758e2f0999004eeae..04f337da83affa7b71ca36c4124432178bfce174 100644
--- a/modules/Calendar/uitypes/Time.php
+++ b/modules/Calendar/uitypes/Time.php
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class Calendar_Time_UIType extends Vtiger_Time_UIType {
 	 */
 	public function getDisplayTimeDifferenceValue($fieldName, $value){
 		$userModel = Users_Privileges_Model::getCurrentUserModel();	
-		$date = new DateTime($value ?? '');
+		$date = new DateTime(isset($value) ? $value: '');
 		
 		//No need to set the time zone as DateTimeField::getDisplayTime API is already doing this
 		/*if(empty($value)) {
diff --git a/modules/Calendar/views/Detail.php b/modules/Calendar/views/Detail.php
index 2301a0a32ad4e543905a190865091428ba6c2408..d55a45ada04289ca2b61bac6c964923562098a4e 100644
--- a/modules/Calendar/views/Detail.php
+++ b/modules/Calendar/views/Detail.php
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class Calendar_Detail_View extends Vtiger_Detail_View {
 		$viewer->assign('RECORD_STRUCTURE_MODEL', $recordStrucure);
 		$viewer->assign('USER_MODEL', Users_Record_Model::getCurrentUserModel());
 		$viewer->assign('MODULE_NAME', $moduleName);
-		$viewer->assign('DAY_STARTS',' ');
+		$viewer->assign('DAY_STARTS','');
 		$viewer->assign('RELATED_CONTACTS', $relatedContacts);
 		$viewer->assign('IS_AJAX_ENABLED', $this->isAjaxEnabled($recordModel));
 		$viewer->assign('RECURRING_INFORMATION', $recordModel->getRecurringDetails());
diff --git a/modules/Vtiger/actions/MentionedUsers.php b/modules/Vtiger/actions/MentionedUsers.php
index 7ab3b92b83054f2e7254ab55e8937d0373a6e17b..31fcb6b876b3ddaccd73964770845f6b2cbd3562 100644
--- a/modules/Vtiger/actions/MentionedUsers.php
+++ b/modules/Vtiger/actions/MentionedUsers.php
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class Vtiger_MentionedUsers_Action extends Vtiger_Action_Controller {
         if(($key = array_search(strtolower($currentUserName), $mentionedUsers)) !== false) {
             unset($mentionedUsers[$key]);
         }
-        $mentionedUsersData='';
+        $mentionedUsersData=array();
         if(!empty($mentionedUsers)){
             $usersString = '@'.implode(' @', $mentionedUsers);
             $mentionedUsersData['usersString'] = $usersString.' ';
diff --git a/modules/Vtiger/uitypes/Time.php b/modules/Vtiger/uitypes/Time.php
index a8030bff5930a18886c325f9dbe613522b6d1855..868152acfcb1ed28a3f69fd7bdb62af6fe7c2e22 100644
--- a/modules/Vtiger/uitypes/Time.php
+++ b/modules/Vtiger/uitypes/Time.php
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ class Vtiger_Time_UIType extends Vtiger_Base_UIType {
 		if($time){
 			if (substr_count($time, ':') < 2) $time .= ':'; // adding : if seconds value is missing to avoid undefined array key error
 			$timeDetails = explode(' ', $time);
-			// if(php7_count(explode(':', $timeDetails[0])) == 2)$timeDetails[0].=":";// adding : if seconds value is missing to avoid undefined array key error
 			list($hours, $minutes, $seconds) = explode(':', $timeDetails[0]);
 
 			//If pm exists and if it not 12 then we need to make it to 24 hour format
diff --git a/modules/Vtiger/views/Detail.php b/modules/Vtiger/views/Detail.php
index 0ffcfcf6cf969dc7841a669a0977ccb4141bfa7a..c4b3f43efa8bf23589fa33032dc9c93dc7a20281 100644
--- a/modules/Vtiger/views/Detail.php
+++ b/modules/Vtiger/views/Detail.php
@@ -561,7 +561,6 @@ class Vtiger_Detail_View extends Vtiger_Index_View {
 		}
 		if($targetControllerClass) {
 			$targetController = new $targetControllerClass();
-			file_put_contents('testing.log',print_r($targetController,true),FILE_APPEND);
 			if($targetController->checkPermission($request)){
 				return $targetController->process($request);
 			}
@@ -580,12 +579,9 @@ class Vtiger_Detail_View extends Vtiger_Index_View {
 		$currentUserModel = Users_Record_Model::getCurrentUserModel();
 		$modCommentsModel = Vtiger_Module_Model::getInstance('ModComments');
 		$moduleName = $parentCommentModel->getParentRecordModel()->getModuleName();
-		$CREATOR_NAME=decode_html($parentCommentModel->getCommentedByName());
-		$shortName = substr($CREATOR_NAME, 0, 2);
 		$viewer = $this->getViewer($request);
 		$viewer->assign('PARENT_COMMENTS', $childComments);
 		$viewer->assign('CURRENTUSER', $currentUserModel);
-		$viewer->assign('shortName',$shortName);
 		$viewer->assign('COMMENTS_MODULE_MODEL', $modCommentsModel);
 		$viewer->assign('MODULE_NAME', $moduleName);
 
diff --git a/modules/Vtiger/views/MassActionAjax.php b/modules/Vtiger/views/MassActionAjax.php
index 5a1dbf8eb2be1107a9a204fec1960c7b39487ae9..2926f5cf8193d683f1ada9f552ec6ab51f51823f 100644
--- a/modules/Vtiger/views/MassActionAjax.php
+++ b/modules/Vtiger/views/MassActionAjax.php
@@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ class Vtiger_MassActionAjax_View extends Vtiger_IndexAjax_View {
 		}
 		else{
 			$viewer->assign('OPERATOR','');
-			$viewer->assign('ALPHABET_VALUE',' ');
-            $viewer->assign('SEARCH_KEY',' ');
+			$viewer->assign('ALPHABET_VALUE','');
+            $viewer->assign('SEARCH_KEY','');
 		}
         
         $searchParams = !empty($request->get('search_params'))?$request->get('search_params'):' ';
diff --git a/pkg/vtiger/modules/ModComments/modules/ModComments/views/DetailAjax.php b/pkg/vtiger/modules/ModComments/modules/ModComments/views/DetailAjax.php
index c54f0c640ea13ec833e575de9f024bc9ce070336..93797cab8d67c4c1a84dd97f45d9c0bca8d0cc9b 100644
--- a/pkg/vtiger/modules/ModComments/modules/ModComments/views/DetailAjax.php
+++ b/pkg/vtiger/modules/ModComments/modules/ModComments/views/DetailAjax.php
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ class ModComments_DetailAjax_View extends Vtiger_IndexAjax_View {
 		$viewer->assign('MODULE_NAME', $recordModel->getParentRecordModel()->getModuleName());
         $viewer->assign('COMMENTS_MODULE_MODEL', $modCommentsModel);
 		$viewer->assign('ROLLUP_STATUS', false);
-		$viewer->assign('shortName',$shortName);
 		$viewer->assign('CHILDS_ROOT_PARENT_MODEL', null);
 		echo $viewer->view('Comment.tpl', $moduleName, true);
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/vtiger/modules/ModComments/modules/ModComments/views/InRelation.php b/pkg/vtiger/modules/ModComments/modules/ModComments/views/InRelation.php
index 9803498bcd585cbefdef4bacbb59ba0103f721c8..07bcd349d87e486f764e0c5a5a930028b69e92da 100644
--- a/pkg/vtiger/modules/ModComments/modules/ModComments/views/InRelation.php
+++ b/pkg/vtiger/modules/ModComments/modules/ModComments/views/InRelation.php
@@ -27,15 +27,13 @@ class ModComments_InRelation_View extends Vtiger_RelatedList_View {
 			$startindex = $startindex + 10;
 		} else {
 			$parentCommentModels = ModComments_Record_Model::getAllParentComments($parentRecordId);
-			$CREATOR_NAME=decode_html($parentCommentModels->getCommentedByName());
-		    $shortName = substr($CREATOR_NAME, 0, 2);
+
+		
 		}
 
 		$currentCommentModel = null;
 		if (!empty($commentRecordId)) {
 			$currentCommentModel = ModComments_Record_Model::getInstanceById($commentRecordId);
-			$CREATOR_NAME=decode_html($currentCommentModel->getCommentedByName());
-		    $shortName = substr($CREATOR_NAME, 0, 2);
 		}
 
 		// To get field model of filename
@@ -49,7 +47,6 @@ class ModComments_InRelation_View extends Vtiger_RelatedList_View {
 		$viewer->assign('FIELD_MODEL', $fileFieldModel);
 		$viewer->assign('MAX_UPLOAD_LIMIT_MB', Vtiger_Util_Helper::getMaxUploadSize());
 		$viewer->assign('MAX_UPLOAD_LIMIT_BYTES', Vtiger_Util_Helper::getMaxUploadSizeInBytes());
-		$viewer->assign('shortName',$shortName);
 		$viewer->assign('MODULE_NAME', $request->getModule());
 		$viewer->assign('MODULE_RECORD', $parentRecordId);
 		$viewer->assign('ROLLUP_STATUS', $rollupStatus);
diff --git a/vtlib/Vtiger/Functions.php b/vtlib/Vtiger/Functions.php
index cc5ddece5be1e91b33aa738cc787a62578ce132c..7fc4fd1072adad35b84bd91498d74006d64ca453 100644
--- a/vtlib/Vtiger/Functions.php
+++ b/vtlib/Vtiger/Functions.php
@@ -519,12 +519,12 @@ class Vtiger_Functions {
 	// Utility
 	static function formatDecimal($value){
 		$fld_value = $value;
-		if(!empty($value)){
+		if(!$value)return $value;
 			if(strpos($value, '.')) {
 				$fld_value = rtrim($value, '0');
 			}
 			$value = rtrim($fld_value, '.');
-		}
+		
 		return $value;
 	}
 
@@ -1745,17 +1745,17 @@ class Vtiger_Functions {
 			$endchar = "";
 
 			// HTML embed in attributes (eg. img src="...").
-			$startidx = strpos($input ??'', '"data:', $offset);
+			$startidx = strpos(isset($input) ? $input: '', '"data:', $offset);
 			if ($startidx !== false) {
 				$endchar = '"';
 			} else {
 				// HTML embed in attributes (eg. img src='...').
-				$startidx = strpos($input ??'', "'data:", $offset);
+				$startidx = strpos(isset($input) ? $input: '', "'data:", $offset);
 				if ($startidx !== false) {
 					$endchar = "'";
 				} else {
 					// TEXT embed with wrap [eg. (data...)]
-					$startidx = strpos($input ??'', "(data:", $offset);
+					$startidx = strpos(isset($input) ? $input : '', "(data:", $offset);
 					if ($startidx !== false) {
 						$endchar = ")";
 					} else {
@@ -1784,7 +1784,7 @@ class Vtiger_Functions {
 			$offset = $endidx + 1;
 		} while (true);
 
-		if ($offset < strlen($input ?? '')) {
+		if ($offset < strlen(isset($input) ? $input: '')) {
 			$parts[] = substr($input, $offset);
 		}
 				return implode("", $parts);